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The Welsh language in education in the UK - Mercator Research
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The Welsh language in education in the UK - Mercator Research.PDF
官方公共微信From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from )
For Wales' medieval legal system, see .
Welsh law is the
generated by the , according to
granted in the . Each piece of Welsh legislation is known as an . The first Assembly legislation to be officially proposed was called the . These powers have been effective since May 2007. It is the first time in almost 500 years that Wales has had its own laws, since , a version of , was abolished and replaced by
through the , passed between 1535 and 1542 by .
set out areas of devolved responsibility for the
(commonly known as the Welsh Assembly). The 2006 granted the Assembly legislative competence to make laws (known as ) in clearly defined "matters". In order to draft laws that are part of its area of responsibility, but where the powers of legislative competence have not been devolved to it, the Welsh Assembly could request these powers using a
or they can receive the transfer of power and the right to make laws through parliamentary bills.
Each Order in Council for an area of legislation must be approved by the , both , and the
in order for the Assembly to legislate in that area. Once the Queen has approved the Order, the new area of legislative competence is added to Schedule 5, Part 1 of the Government of Wales Act 2006. There is a
who oversees the approval and creation of these laws, and gives advice to the .
The 2006 Act also included provisions which would allow for a referendum to be held on whether to grant the Assembly legislative competence to pass primary legislation to be known as "Acts of the Assembly" in all matters within 20 subject areas without the need for further Legislative Competency Orders. A
under these provisions was held in March 2011 and resulted in a vote in favour of granting the assembly the competence to pass the Acts of the Assembly. Therefore the Assembly now has the legislative competence to pass
in all 20 devolved subjects.
Following the devolution of legislative competence to the Welsh Assembly in some area of responsibility, it is unlikely that the UK Parliament would draw up legislation in that area without a
being passed by the Welsh Assembly to allow them to do so (Assembly Standing Order 26). This is done to preserve the autonomy of the Welsh Assembly, and to prevent legislative confusion.
These areas are "subjects" where the National Assembly for Wales can make legislation in the form of an .
The Assembly can also legislate in areas that affect only the Assembly itself, which is why the National Assembly for Wales field is added.
The Welsh Assembly was able to make only Assembly Measures, but the Assembly was given the option to call for a referendum, with added approval from the , to make Acts of the Assembly. This would not change much of the Assembly Measures system, and if the referendum should win, the Assembly Measures passed before that date would still be in force. It was considered that Assembly Measures are a build on to the Acts of the Assembly[] if the Assembly would these powers in future.
The referendum was held on 3 March 2011. The majority of the participants voted 'Yes' to the question "Do you want the Assembly now to be able to make laws on all matters in the 20 subject areas it has powers for?".
Even so, future Welsh order in council laws may face veto from the UK Parliament, but the Assembly still is able to make laws in areas already devolved because once the referendum is approved, there are powers that are already in the government of Wales Act 2006 to make laws already approved by parliament when the act was passed. The Assembly can still request to make laws in areas using the
system but if the UK Parliament wants to legislate in a devolved area, it will require a motion to be passed by the Welsh Assembly, similar to the way the Scottish Parliament work at present. The power to make Acts of the Assembly are called Subjects, which are listed in schedule 7, part 1 of the .
English law still apply to Wales under the present
settlement. Contemporary Welsh law will govern the local aspects of Welsh life whilst English law will govern the more generic aspects. Because these laws are derived from UK Acts of Parliament, some people consider this new system of laws to be another branch of . Unlike , for example, which has its own criminal and civil , Wales still has a unified justice system with . The 'One Wales' Labour/Plaid Cymru deal also has an area for devolution of a Criminal and Youth Justice System to this new legal system.
It is important to note, that English law still applies in Wales, but it will also be important to say that some laws in England, that are devolved in Wales, may not apply in Wales. It is also possible to say that once the Assembly has legislative competency in an area to legislate using Acts of the Assembly, the National Assembly could lead Wales down a different route compared to English law. It's possible to say that there could be some acts that would be illegal in Wales, but not illegal in England and Scotland. For example, using an electric shock collar on a cat or dog in Wales is illegal, but it's still legal in the rest of the UK.
There are Acts of the
that are classed as "". Each Act contains provisions for the Welsh Assembly to make subordinate legislation on. Sometimes such Acts can also confer power to the . An example of such a Wales-only law is the . This Act allows the National Assembly to make Orders to enforce the provisions in the Act. The Act does not confer power to the Assembly to make Assembly Measures.
A major difference is also the use of the , as laws concerning it apply in Wales and not in England. The
is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which put the Welsh language on an equal footing with the English language in Wales with regard to the public sector. Welsh can also be spoken in Welsh courts.
As there is no
within contemporary Welsh law,
cannot be considered a fourth
of the . This is because the judiciary and the courts follow
law, which is made by the , and is not specific to Wales. Although Welsh law is recognised as separate in operation, this is not sufficient for Wales to constitute a separate legal jurisdiction. If the
agreement is successful, before 2011, this may change, as the agreement calls for a review of
matters in Wales, and the question of whether it should be devolved to W currently, however, there is no devolution of justice to the .
: Hidden categories:Education&in&Wales&威尔士的教育概况
Education in
Wales&&威尔士的教育概况
Education in Wales differs in certain respects
from education elsewhere in the United Kingdom. For example, a
significant number of students all over Wales are educated either
wholly or largely through the medium of Welsh: in
cent of classes in maintained primary schools used Welsh as the
sole or main medium of instruction. Welsh medium educationis
available to all age groups through nurseries, schools, colleges
and universities an lessons in the language
itself are compulsory for all pupils until the age of
Since devolution, education policy in the four
constituent countries of the UK has diverged: for example, England
has pursued reforms based on diversity of school types and parental
Wales (and Scotland) remain more committed to the concept
of the community-based comprehensive school. Systems of governance
and regulation - the arrangements for planning, funding,
quality-assuring and regulating learning, and for its local
administration - are becoming increasingly differentiated across
the four home countries. Education researcher David Reynolds claims
that policy in Wales is driven by a "producerist" paradigm
emphasising collaboration between educational partners. He also
alludes to lower funding in Welsh schools compared to England,
echoing similar concerns at university level. He concludes that
performance data do not suggest that Wales has improved more
rapidly than England, although there are considerable difficulties
in making these kinds of assessments.
The Structure of the Welsh Educational
Compulsory Schooling
A child's age on the 1 September determines the
point of entry into the relevant stage of education. Education is
compulsory beginning with the term following the child's fifth
(third in wales) birthday, but may take place at either home or
school. Most parents choosing to educate through school-based
provision, however, enrol their children in the reception year in
September of that school year, with most children thus beginning
school at age four or four and a half.
Primary Education
In 2008/09 there were 1,478 primary schools in
Wales with 258,314 pupils and 12,343 full-time equivalent (FTE)
teachers. The pupil/teacher ratio was 20 and the average class size
was 24.4 pupils.
In 2008 a unique new curriculum - the
Foundation phase - was rolled out to all schools in Wales. It began
for 3-4 year olds and by 2011 is in place for 3 - 7 year-olds. It
is based on experiential learning, in small groups, with a teacher
ratio of 1:8 for the youngest ages. It has been acclaimed as 'one
of the most significant acts of the Welsh government since it was
formed' and has been almost universally welcomed
From Welsh
government website （），
The Foundation Phase places great emphasis on
children learning by doing. Young children will be given more
opportunities to gain first hand experiences through play and
active involvement rather than by completing exercises in books.
They will be given time to develop their speaking and listening
skills and to become confident in their reading and writing
abilities.
Mathematics will be more practical so that
children can see how problems are solved and how important
mathematics is in their everyday lives. There will be more emphasis
on children understanding how things work and on finding different
ways to solve problems.
The curriculum will focus on experiential
learning, active involvement and developing each
and understanding
&Personal, social, emotional, physical and
intellectual well being so as to develop the whole
&Positive attitudes to learning so that they
enjoy it and want to continue
&Self-esteem and self-confidence to experiment,
investigate, learn new things and form new
relationships.
& Creative, expressive and observational skills
to encourage their development as individuals with different ways
of responding to experiences.
&Activities in the outdoors where they have
first-hand experience of solving real-life problems and learn about
conservation and sustainability.
Secondary Education
Pupils in secondary school take part in the
compulsory GCSE and the non-compulsory A-level qualifications at
age 16 and 18 respectively. Since 2007 the Welsh Baccalaureate
Qualification has also been available as an option. In 2008/09
there were 223 secondary schools in Wales with 205,421 pupils and
12,535 FTE teachers. The pupil/teacher ratio was
GCSE and A-level GCE results for 2011. At GCSE,
66.5% of Welsh domiciled students gained grades A* to C, compared
with 69.8% in England. At A-level, 23.9% of Welsh-based students
gained A* or A grades, compared with 26.8% in England and the trend
is consistent, with Wales have fallen back compared to England over
the previous decade.
PISA results, by which the performance of Welsh
pupils is compared to that of other countries, is also of concern,
with Wales lagging behind all other countries in the UK, leading to
Minister Leighton Andrews to describe the performance as
"unacceptable".
Further Education
Further education (FE) includes full- and
part-time learning for people over compulsory school age, excluding
higher education. FE and publicly-funded training in Wales is
provided by 24 FE institutions and a range of public, private and
voluntary sector training providers, such as the Workers'
Educational Association. Colleges vary in size and mission, and
include general FE, tertiary and specialist institutions, including
one Roman Catholic Sixth Form College and a residential adult
education college. Many colleges offer leisure learning and
training programmes designed to meet the needs of business. In
2008/09 there were 236,780 FE students in Wales.
Adult Community Learning
Adult Community learning is a form of adult
education or lifelong learning delivered and supported by local
authorities in Wales. Programmes can be formal or informal,
non-accredited or accredited, and vocational, academic or leisure
orientated. In 2008/09 there were 57,170 learners in Community
Higher Education
Students normally enter higher education (HE)
from 18 onwards. All undergraduate education is largely
state-financed (with Welsh students contributing &1,255), and
students are generally entitled to student loans for maintenance.
The state does not control syllabi, but it does influence admission
procedures and monitors standards through the Higher Education
Funding Council for Wales.
The typical first degree offered at Welsh
universities is the Bachelor's degree, typically taking three years
to complete full-time. Some institutions offer an undergraduate
Master's degree as a first degree, typically lasting four years.
During a first degree students are known as undergraduates. Some
universities offer a vocationally-based Foundation degree,
typically two years in length.
Within Wales, medical undergraduate education
is provided by only Cardiff University, while graduate fast track
route training is provided at Swansea University. In recent years
there has been an increase in the number of universities with their
own degree awarding powers owing to the change in the University of
Wales from a single awarding body for most of the Universities in
Wales to a confederal structure, along with former institutes
gaining university status. Overall there are 11 HE institutions in
Wales including one music conservatoire, the Royal Welsh College of
Music and Drama in Cardiff which is part of the University of
Glamorgan Group. The University of Glamorgan, the second largest
university in Wales, has never been a member of the University of
Wales and awards its own degrees: the Royal Welsh College of Music
and Drama also awards University of Glamorgan
In 2008/09 there were 146,465 enrolments at HE
institutions in Wales, including 66,645 undergraduates and 23,260
postgraduates. Welsh HE institutions had a total of 8,840 academic
In 2012, the minister with responsibility for
education within Wales, Leighton Andrews, made a significant
statement in relation to the merger of Cardiff Metropolitan
University (CMU, formerly UWIC), the University of Glamorgan and
University of Newport (UN) in which he proposed the dissolution of
CMU and UN as part of the process towards merger. However
significant such changes may seem, it is arguable that the
effective imposition of an average undergraduate fee of &7.5 K pa
for the three institutions (and others, but not to Cardiff,
Swansea, Bangor and Aberystwyth all of whom will charge &9 K pa)
will cause much more substantial long term damage to these
universities and reinvent the 'binary divide' between universities
and the former polytechnics and HE institutes
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